LEBANON: Women, non-Lebanese children get raw deal

By: Simba Russeau

BEIRUT, July 22, 2008 – Thousands of children in Lebanon are denied full access to education, health-care and residency because they do not have Lebanese citizenship.

Lebanese women cannot pass on their nationality to their children and in the event of separation, it is the father who gains automatic custody, according to Lebanese nationality law.

There is a saying in Lebanon: The only woman you’ll see in parliament is the one wearing black, mourning for the death of her husband or brother, whose political mantle she has inherited.

In a country famed for being the region’s most socially liberal and politically democratic, just one woman, Bahia Hariri, the sister of slain former premier Rafik Hariri, became a member of Lebanon’s new unity cabinet, announced in early July.

Although Bahia was an MP before her brother’s assassination in 2005, women cabinet ministers such as Nayla Moawad, former minister of Social Affairs, or former Industry Minister Leila Solh, joined politics after their husband and father, respectively, died.

Women MPs

Women were only present in parliamentary life twice between 1952 and 1962 and then not again until three female members of parliament (MPs) won seats in the 1992 elections.

“Women’s groups are demanding a 35 percent quota in representation in the government, which would allow for issues such as the custody and nationality law to take precedence,” said activist Roula Masri.

”Women’s groups are demanding a 35 percent quota in representation in the government, which would allow for issues such as the custody and nationality law to take precedence.”

In the last Lebanese parliamentary elections in 2005 only three MPs out of 128 were women – far fewer than politically restricted neighbours such as Syria, which had 30 women MPs out of 250; Jordan which had 13 out of 165; and Egypt which had 31 out of 718. Parliamentary elections in Lebanon are due next April.

Women make up about 53 percent of the population – around two million citizens – while research by the Collective for Research and Training on Development Action (CRTDA) found that women aged 23-34 outnumber men by seven to one, because most young men are employed abroad.

While making great strides in the labour force, with women highly visible in sectors such as the media, advertising and design, poor political representation is hampering women’s ability to reform discriminatory laws, say activists.

CRTDA recently re-launched its “Nationality Campaign”, lobbying politicians on the right for women to nationalise their children if marrying non-Lebanese.

Nationality law

The nationality law was established in 1925 and partially reformed in 1994 in a complex decree.

According to a 2008 report by the non-governmental organisation (NGO) Frontiers Association, the 1994 amendment allows the child of a Lebanese mother and foreign father to gain Lebanese citizenship after the child’s marriage to a Lebanese, and at least five years uninterrupted residency in the country, including one year after marriage.

A more comprehensive reform to the nationality law has become mired in the political issue of the presence of tens of thousands of Syrian workers and 400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.

Some politicians have argued that to allow Lebanese women to nationalise the children they have with non-Lebanese, such as Syrians and Palestinians, would be to shake up the delicate sectarian demographic on which the country’s political system is founded.

But according to activist Masri, figures from the Interior Ministry from 2001 indicate that only 1,000 Lebanese women are married to foreigners, although she admits these need updating with field research.

“However, the issue is not about how many women are married to Palestinians, Syrians or other foreigners but that they have to amend this law to highlight that this is a human right,” she said.

Fewer rights

Even in simple, everyday tasks, women can find they have fewer rights than men.

Rania Choueiri, a jewellery designer who owns a shop on trendy Monot Street, recounts her story of trying to open a bank account for her son, Karim.

“They asked me where is his father,” said Rania. “I asked why they need his father when I am his mother and want an account for my son. They told me that only the father can open the account. I couldn’t believe it.”

Lebanon’s nationalisation campaign has harnessed social networking website Facebook. A group centred on discussion of the nationality law currently has some 8,000 members.

“Many Lebanese women abroad have children and would like to return to Lebanon with their families but are prohibited because they are unable to provide legal papers to their families,” said Masri.

Link to original article

read more...

Bikya Masr: Lebanon: Give women their right to pass on nationality to their children

Amnesty International urges the Lebanese authorities to withdraw immediately an appeal they have filed against a landmark court ruling of June of last year allowing a Lebanese woman to pass on her nationality to her children.

The organization is deeply concerned that the Lebanese authorities are seeking to overturn such a landmark decision instead of implementing the court ruling and ensuring that Lebanon complies with its international obligations not to discriminate against women. If the Civil Chamber of the Court of Appeal overturns the decision, it will shatter hopes of thousands of children born to Lebanese mothers and foreign national fathers, who are treated as foreigners in their own country and denied access to public education and other services.

The Civil Chamber of the Court of Appeal that handles personal status cases is scheduled to hear on Tuesday 13 April 2010 the case of Samira Soueidan, a Lebanese citizen who was granted the right to pass on her nationality to three of her Lebanon-born children by the Fifth Camber of the Court of First Instance in Mount Lebanon’s Jdeidit al-Metn on June 16, 2009.

Samira Soueidan had initiated proceedings after her husband, an Egyptian national, passed away in 1994. In 2005, she filed a new lawsuit against the Lebanese state to challenge Law no. 15 of 1925 which grants the nationality and citizenship of children through the father only.

Under Lebanese law, women, unlike men, cannot pass on their nationality to their spouses or children. The children of Lebanese women married to a foreign national can not obtain Lebanese nationality. Non-Lebanese men married to Lebanese women also cannot get Lebanese citizenship, whereas non-Lebanese women married to Lebanese men can acquire the Lebanese nationality after one year of marriage. Such provisions in Lebanese law are in clear violation of Lebanon’s obligations under international law, including the principle of non discrimination (Article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)), the principle on equality between men and women (article 3 of the ICCPR) and equality before the law (Article 26 of the ICCRP).

Disregarding such discriminatory provisions, judges John Qazzi, Rana Habaka, and Lamis Kazma argued in their June ruling that Article 7 of Lebanon’s Constitution asserts the principle of equality before the law for all citizens, men and women. They, therefore, granted Samira Soueidan the right to confer her nationality to her children. However, this court decision was challenged by the public prosecution and a legal commission at the Ministry of Justice on behalf of the Lebanese state in July and September respectively.

In addition to such discriminatory provisions in the law, women’s inability to pass their nationality to their spouses and children has a pervasive effect on the entire family. Spouses and children must continuously secure residency and work permits that enables them to live and work legally in Lebanon. The children are considered residents, not citizens, and consequently are denied the rights enjoyed by nationals regarding access to education, and later employment.

By opposing the June court ruling only months before Lebanon is scheduled to come under scrutiny in the framework of the Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council sends a worrying message that the Lebanese state persists to undermine the cornerstone principle of non discrimination..

It also shows that the state is ignoring the concluding comments made by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in its fortieth session in 2008. The Committee regretted Lebanon’s assertion that it cannot, for political reasons, amend its nationality law to allow Lebanese women to pass their nationality to their children and foreign spouses. The Committee urged Lebanon to recognize the negative impact of its nationality law on Lebanese women married to foreigners and on the children of those women and, accordingly, revise its nationality law and remove its reservation to article 9, paragraph 2.

Amnesty International calls on the Lebanese authorities to take immediate steps to review existing legislation containing discriminatory provisions against women and follow the steps taken by Algeria, Egypt and Morocco which have amended their nationality laws in recent years to grant women the right to give their nationality to their children and spouse.

Background:

In Lebanon, Law No. 15 of 1925 states that mothers are allowed to confer their nationality to their children only in two specific cases:

If a Lebanese mother can giver her nationality to her child if he or she is born from an out-of-wedlock relationship, and the father is unknown.

If a non-Lebanese mother of minor children from a previous marriage to a non-Lebanese father, who acquires the Lebanese nationality from a Lebanese husband, can confer her Lebanese nationality to her minor non-Lebanese children upon the death of her Lebanese husband.

Children born to Lebanese mothers and foreign national fathers face impediments regarding basic rights such as the right to education. Law No. 686 of 1998, which amended Article 49 of Decree No. 134/59 provides that: “Public education is free and compulsory in the primary phase, and is a right to every Lebanese in the primary education age.” By specifying that only Lebanese children have a right to free primary education, the children of a Lebanese mother and a foreign father are denied equal access to education. This law is in breach of Lebanon’s obligation, under Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to which Lebanon is a state party, Lebanon has an obligation to “make primary education compulsory and available free to all.”

When children reach the age of 18, those with Lebanese mothers and foreign fathers have to find employers willing to obtain work permits that require them to pay high financial fees. For this reason, employers usually avoid recruiting them.

Original Bikya Masr article

read more...